This paper proposes a socio-semiotic analysis of the question of contamination of the sacred on the basis of contact with relics, which runs through numerous anthropological studies. While anthropological texts describe the idea of transferring the sacred from relics as a chemical operation with clearly defined consequences, they say nothing about the question of meaning. How is meaning being created when belief has it that the sacred is spread about, projected from the relic onto other objects? How can the contamination of the sacred be translated into the contamination of sacred meaning?

In this article, I wish to re-examine the French and republican model of secularism in terms of its uniqueness and originality, which are often self-proclaimed in order to measure the degree of accuracy and the share of inventiveness and related representations. In the first place, I will ask myself whether this French-style secularism constitutes a form of "cultural exception" in its own right and, secondly, what contagious influence may have had this French secular paradigm in the world.

This article deals with the problem of the intergenerational transmission of the knowledge of expert employees towards young workers. It is based on an empirical study carried out among five companies that implement a policy linked to the "generation contracts" of the law of 1 March 2013. It can be seen that the circulation of knowledge between generations and its modalities weakens the paths Professionals. Looking at the diversity of practices in companies (social networks, collaborative workshops, professional tutorials, expert relays), transmission is seen as a reconstruction of the training of young people in various learning cultures. How can experts pass on their knowledge to young people? What mechanisms can they mobilize? The analysis of learning situations has made it possible to identify the effects of transmission on the recipients, but also on those who transmit. Basically, it is a question which refers to informal knowledge in the professional activity, itself producing experience.

Defined as a rationalized activity, online dating is characterized as a process which lacks emotion. This paper analyses Chilean internet users' opinions about online dating websites as well as the national users' experiences in these virtual spaces. The focus is placed on both the presence of feelings in the digital interactions they undertake, and the interpretations make from this experience.

Vote is considered as a kind of blak hole in the world of communication and information sciences. Regarding electoral studies, whether they give more informations about electors, they also pain in highlighting what they mean. This article is trying to offer a renewal approch of the vote considered as a communicational process, supported by the primary elections in France.

The article takes as premise the educational question par excellence: what content is worthwhile to be transmitted and what is the best way to do so? (Spoelders & Cotton, 2014), and aims to understand the relationship between the educational discourse and trust from two assumptions : to be dialogic, the educational discourse must be shared between teacher and learner -which implies a relation based on trust, a priori condition of the educational discourse -, and the learner has an implicit and/or explicit recognition related to the universality of contents transmitted and to their optimal transmission -which reinforce the relation of trust, a posteriori condition of the educational discourse -. The authors analysed the levels of interpersonal, institutional and interinstitutional trust related to an Erasmus intensive programme by its participants, their cooperative behaviours and their collective learning. (Simon, 2007: 90) By implying (a priori) and reinforcing (a posteriori) its participants' trust via its educational discourse, the concept of the Erasmus intensive programme developed and organised by 8 European partners, reaches the requirements of the dialogic educational discourse, last stage of the pedagogical relation.

When MOOCs are increasing all over the world as a mean for improving the diffusion of culture and science, it is interesting to observe how those MOOCS build communities of knowledge, and which is the impact of those communities on the acquisition of knowledge. In this article, we present the principles of design of the MOOC Digital & Culture Writing that aims to spread digital culture. Then, we analyse the messages posted on forums by the related community, and the cognitive process to which they refer. Posts analysis reveals reflexivity processes when participants are writing on forums. It appears that reflexivity cognitive processes are at the heart of both social interaction and digital culture acquisition.

This article reviews current criticism of the concept of culture among academics, identifying the misuses and the social context which have led to calls for it to be abandoned. Drawing extensively on recent critical approaches to the concept, it outlines a complex multi-level approach avoiding the traps of determinism and methodological nationalism, allowing us to better understand and deal with contemporary debates and discourses surrounding culture, in the light of which it appears ever more important that social science scholars make their voices heard.

Giftedness in the area of first language has not yet been scientifically researched more in detail. This specific giftedness can be observed in the linguistic and literal competences of students. As these competences are very important for many different professions, it is important to not only analyze them but to also develop them. The Language Drawer is a model that points out how these competences can be developed and what teachers or coaches need to help gifted students improve their competences. An important aspect of giftedness is creativity. As creativity proves helpful inproblemsolving in various contexts, especially in engineering science, but also in many other areas such as natural science, politics or economics, it is important for any gifted student to develop creative skills. Creativity can be observed in first language products, but it can also be developed by producing new language products. The language drawer offers various activties to develop student creativity.

This article proposes a historical and political meditation on the very origin of the idea of democracy (from the Greek demos) and on the birth of the concept of secularism (from the Greek Laos) in the postmodern Western societies of Europe. This article, using stimulating sociological, political and historical considerations, provides an unprecedented reflection on what it means to "make people", a fortiori on a European scale.